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Phase diagrams are graphical representations of the phases present in an alloy at different conditions of temperature, pressure, or chemical composition.

The diagram describes the suitable conditions for two or more phases to exist in equilibrium. For example, the water phase diagram describes a point (triple point) where water can coexist in three different phases at the same time. This happens at just above the freezing temperature (0.01°C) and 0.006 atm.

There are four major uses of alloy phase diagrams:

• Development of new alloys based on application requirements.
• Production of these alloys.
• Development and control of appropriate heat treatment procedures, such as tempering, annealing, normalising, etc, to improve the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of these new alloys.
• Troubleshooting problems that arise in the application of these new alloys, ultimately improving product predictability.

When it comes to alloy development, phase diagrams have helped prevent overdesign for applications. This keeps cost and process time down. They also help develop alternative alloys or the same alloys with alternative alloying elements. It can help to reduce the need for using scarce, hazardous, or expensive alloying elements.

Performance-wise, phase diagrams help metallurgists understand which phases are thermodynamically stable, metastable, or unstable in the long run. Appropriate elements can then be chosen for alloying to prevent machinery breakdown. Material for exhaust piping, for example, if not chosen properly, may lead to a breakdown at higher temperatures.

The service life also improves as phase diagrams show us how to solve problems such as intergranular corrosion, hot corrosion, and hydrogen damage.